Ronald Wilson Regan

Former

40^th President

Of

United States of America

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Profile

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·                 President Wilson Regan(February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and

·                 actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

·                 A member of the Republican Party, he became an important figure in the American conservative movement, and his presidency is known as the Reagan era.

·                 Born and raised in Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and

·                  later worked as a sports broadcaster in Iowa. In 1937,

·                 he moved to California where he became a well-known film actor.

·                 During his acting career, Reagan twice served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952

·                 and from 1959 to 1960. In the 1950s, he began working on television and became a spokesman for General Electric.

·                 Subsequently, Reagan’s “A Time for Choosing” speech during the 1964 U.S. presidential election launched his rise as a leading conservative figure.

·                 After being elected governor of California in 1966, he raised the state taxes,

·                  turned the state budget deficit into a surplus and

·                 implemented harsh crackdowns on university protests.

·                 Following his loss to Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican Party presidential primaries, Reagan won the Republican Party’s nomination and then a landslide victory over President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election.

·                  In his first term as U.S. president, Reagan began implementing Reaganomics, an economic policy that he pioneered that involved economic de – regulation and

·                 cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagnation

·                 On the World stage, he escalated the arms race, transitioned Cold War policy away from the policies if détente with Soviet Union, and ordered the 1983 invasion of Grenada.

·                 Reagan also survived an assassination attempt,

·                 fought public-sector labour unions,

·                 expanded the war on drugs, and was slow to respond to the growing AIDS epidemic

·                 In the 1984 presidential election, he defeated Carter’s former vice president, Walter Mondale, in another landslide victory.

·                 Foreign affairs dominated Reagan’s second term, including the 1986 bombing of Libya,

·                 the secret and illegal sale of arms to Iran to fund the Contras, and

·                 a more conciliatory approach in talks with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev culminating in the. Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces treaty.

·                 Reagan left the presidency in 1989 with the American economy having seen a significant reduction of inflation,

·                 the unemployment rate having fallen, and the U.S. having entered its then-longest peacetime expansion.

·                 At the same time, the national debt had nearly tripled since 1981 as a result of his cuts in taxes and increased military spending,

·                 despite cuts to domestic discretionary spending. Reagan’s policies also contributed to the end of the Cold War and the end of Soviet communism.^[8]

·                 Alzheimer’s disease hindered Reagan post-presidency, and his physical and mental capacities gradually deteriorated, ultimately leading to his death in 2004.

·                 Historical rankings of U.S. presidents have typically placed Reagan in the tier, his post-presidential approval ratings by the general public are usually high.

Early Life

·                 Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, as the younger son of Nelle Clyde Wilson and Jack Reagan.

·                  Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in drama and football.

·                 His first job involved working as a lifeguard at the. Rock River in Lowell Park.

·                  In 1928, Reagan began attending Eureka College^[22] at Nelle’s approval on religious grounds.^[23]

·                 He was a mediocre student^[24] who participated in sports, drama, and campus politics.

ENTERTAINMENT CAREER

Radio and Film

·                 After obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology from Eureka College in 1932,^[29][30] Reagan took a job in Davenport, Iowa, as a sports broadcaster for four football games in the Big Ten Conference.^[31]

·                 He then worked for WHO radio in Des Moines as a broadcaster for the Chicago Cubs.

·                 Reagan arrived at Hollywood in 1937, debuting in Love Is on the Air (1937).^[35] Using a simple and direct approach to acting and following his directors’ instructions,^[36]

Military Service

·                 In April 1937, Reagan enlisted in the United States Army Reserve.

·                 He was assigned as a private in Des Moines’ 322nd Cavalry Regiment and reassigned to second lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps.^[45] 

Marriages and Children

·                 In January 1940, Reagan married Jane Wyman, his co-star in the 1938 film Brother Rat.^[66][67]

·                 Together, they had two biological daughters: Maureen in 1941 and Christine in 1947 (born prematurely and died the following day).^[69]

·                 They adopted one son, Michael, in 1945.^[49]

·                 Wyman filed to divorce Reagan in June 1948.

Early Political Activities

·                 Reagan began his political career as a Democrat, viewing Franklin D. Roosevelt as “a true hero”.^[81]

·                  Reagan began shifting to the right when he supported the presidential campaigns of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1960.^[87]

1966 California Gubernatorial Election

·                 In January 1966, Reagan announced his candidacy for the California governorship,^[98]

·                 Ultimately, Reagan won the governorship with 57 percent of the vote compared to Brown’s 42 percent.^[111]

California Governorship (1967–1975)

·                 By 1973, the budget had a surplus, which Reagan preferred “to give back to the people”.^[117]

·                 Therapeutic Abortion Act that allowed abortions in the cases of rape and incest when a doctor determined the birth would impair the physical or mental health of the mother.

·                 He later expressed regret over signing it, saying that he was unaware of the mental health provision.

·                 He believed that doctors were interpreting the provision loosely and more abortions were resulting.^[120]

·                 After Reagan won the 1966 election, he and his advisors planned a run in the 1968 Republican presidential primaries.^[121]

PRESIDENCY (1981–1989)

First Inauguration

·                 Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th president of the United States on Tuesday, January 20, 1981.^[193]

·                 In his inaugural address, Reagan commented on the country’s economic malaise, arguing,

o   “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem,

o   government is the problem”.^[195]

“Reaganomics” and the Economy

·                 Reagan advocated a laissez-faire philosophy,^[198] and promoted a set of neoliberal reforms dubbed “Reaganomics”, which included monetarism and supply-side economics.^[199]

Taxation

·                 Reagan worked with the boll weevil Democrats to pass tax and budget legislation in a Congress led by Tip O’Neill, a liberal who strongly criticized Reaganomics.^[200][d]

·                 He lifted federal oil and gasoline price controls on January 28, 1981,^[202] and in August, he signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981^[203] to dramatically lower federal income tax rates and require exemptions and brackets to be indexed for inflation starting in 1985.^[204]

·                 Amid growing concerns about the mounting federal debt, Reagan signed the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982,^[205] one of the eleven times Reagan raised taxes.^[206]

Inflation and Unemployment

·                 Reagan took office in the midst of stagflation.^[215]

·                 The economy briefly experienced growth before plunging into a recession in July 1981.^[216]

Government Spending

·                 In 1981, in an effort to keep it solvent, Reagan approved a plan for cuts to Social Security.

·                 He later backed off of these plans due to public backlash.^[229]

·                 He then created the Greenspan Commission to keep Social Security financially secure,

De – Regulation

·                 Reagan sought to loosen federal regulation of economic activities, and he appointed key officials who shared this agenda.

Deficits

·                 The deficits were exacerbated by the early 1980s recession, which cut into federal revenue.^[238]

·                 The national debt tripled between the fiscal years of 1980 and 1989, and the national debt as a percentage of the gross domestic product rose from 33 percent in 1981 to 53 percent by 1989.

·                 During his time in office, Reagan never fulfilled his 1980 campaign promise of submitting a balanced budget.

Assassination Attempt

·                 On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot by John Hinckley Jr. outside the Washington Hilton.

Supreme Court Appointments

·                 Reagan appointed three Associate Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

o   Sandra Day O’Connor in 1981

o   Antonin Scalia in 1986, and

o   Anthony Kennedy in 1988.

o   He also elevated William Rehnquist from Associate Justice to Chief Justice in 1986.^[244]

o   The direction of the Supreme Court’s reshaping has been described as conservative.^[245][246]

Public Sector Labour Union Fights

·                 Early in August 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking.^[247]

·                 On August 3, Reagan said that he would fire air traffic controllers if they did not return to work within 48 hours; according to him, 38 percent did not return.

·                 On August 13, Reagan fired roughly 12,000 striking air traffic controllers who ignored his order.^[248]

·                 He used military controllers^[249] and supervisors to handle the nation’s commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained.^[250]

Civil Rights

·                 Despite Reagan having opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965,^[33] the bill was extended for 25 years in 1982.^[253]

·                 He initially opposed the establishment of Martin Luther King Jr. Day,^[254] and alluded to claims that King was associated with communists during his career, but signed a bill to create the holiday in 1983 after it passed both houses of Congress with veto-proof margins.^[255]

War on Drugs

·                 In response to concerns about the increasing crack epidemic, Reagan intensified the war on drugs in 1982.^[264]

·                 While the American public did not see drugs as an important issue then, the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Department of Defense all increased their anti-drug funding immensely.^[265]

1984 Election

·                 Reagan announced his re-election campaign on January 29, 1984, declaring, “America is back and standing tall”.^[231]

·                 In November, Reagan won a landslide re-election victory with 59 percent of the popular vote and 525 electoral votes from 49 states.

Post-Presidency (1989–2004)

·                 Upon leaving the presidency on January 20, 1989, at the age of 77, Reagan became the oldest president at the end of his tenure, surpassing Dwight D. Eisenhower who left office on January 20, 1961, at the age of 70.

·                 This distinction will eventually pass to incumbent president Joe Biden who is currently 81 years old.^[365][366]

·                 In retirement, Ronald and Nancy Reagan lived at 668 St. Cloud Road in Bel Air, in addition to Rancho del Cielo in Santa Barbara.^[367]

·                 He received multiple awards and honours ^[368] in addition to generous payments for speaking engagements.

Death and funeral

·                 Reagan died of pneumonia, complicated by Alzheimer’s,^[384] at his home in Los Angeles, on June 5, 2004.^[385]

Legacy

·                 In 2008, British historian M. J. Heale summarized that scholars had reached a broad consensus in which “Reagan:

o   rehabilitated conservatism,

o   turned the country to the right,

o   practiced a ‘pragmatic conservatism‘ that balanced ideology with the constraints of government,

o   revived faith in the presidency and American self-respect,

o   and contributed to critically ending the Cold War”,^[389] which ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.^[390]

·                 Many conservative and liberal scholars have agreed that Reagan has been the most influential president since Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics through his effective communication of his conservative agenda and pragmatic compromising.^[391]

·                 During the initial years of Reagan’s post-presidency, historical rankings placed his presidency in the twenties.^[392]

·                 Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, his presidency was often placed in the top ten.^[393][394]

 Political Influence

·                 Reagan led a new conservative movement, altering the political dynamic of the United States.^[410]

·                 Conservatism became the dominant ideology for Republicans, displacing the party’s faction of liberals and moderates.^[411]

·                 In his time, men began voting more Republican, and women began voting more Democrat – a gender distinction that has persisted.^[410]

·                 He was supported by young voters, an allegiance that shifted many of them to the party.^[412]

·                 He attempted to appeal to black voters in 1980,^[413] but would receive the lowest black vote for a Republican presidential candidate at the time.^[414]

·                 Throughout Reagan’s presidency, Republicans were unable to gain complete control of Congress.^[415]

·                 The period of American history most dominated by Reagan and his policies:

o   particularly on taxes,

o   welfare,

o   defense,

o   the federal judiciary, and

o   the Cold War)

·                 are known as the Reagan era, which suggests that the “Reagan Revolution” had a lasting impact on the United States in domestic and foreign policy.

·                 The George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations are often treated as an extension of the era, as is the George W. Bush administration.^[416]

·                 Since 1988, Republican presidential candidates have invoked Reagan’s policies and beliefs.^[417]

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